Battle of Monte Cassino in World War II

The Battle of Monte Cassino was fought January 17 to May 18, 1944, during World War II (1939 to 1945). Fast Facts: Battle of Monte Cassino Dates: January 17 to May 18, 1944, during  World War II  (1939-1945).Allies Armies and CommandersGeneral Sir Harold AlexanderLieutenant General Mark ClarkLieutenant General Oliver LeeseUS Fifth Army British Eighth ArmyGerman Armies and CommandersField Marshal Albert KesselringColonel-General Heinrich von VietinghoffGerman 10th Army Background Landing in Italy in September 1943, Allied forces under General Sir Harold Alexander began pushing up the peninsula. Due to the Apennine Mountains, which run the length of Italy, Alexanders forces advanced on two fronts with the Lieutenant General Mark Clarks US Fifth Army on the east and Lieutenant-General Sir Bernard Montgomerys British Eighth Army on the west. Allied efforts were slowed by poor weather, rough terrain, and a tenacious German defense. Slowly falling back through the fall, the Germans sought to buy time to complete the Winter Line south of Rome. Though the British succeeded in penetrating the line and capturing Ortona in late December, heavy snows prevented them from pushing west along Route 5 to reach Rome. Around this time, Montgomery departed for Britain to aid in planning the invasion of Normandy and was replaced by Lieutenant General Oliver Leese. To the west of the mountains, Clarks forces moved up Routes 6 and 7. The latter of these ceased to be usable as it ran along the coast and had been flooded at the Pontine Marshes. As a result, Clark was forced to use Route 6 which passed through the Liri Valley. The southern end of the valley was protected by large hills overlooking the town of Cassino and atop which sat the abbey of Monte Cassino. The area was further protected by the fast-flowing Rapido and Garigliano Rivers which ran west to east. Recognizing the defensive value of the terrain, the Germans built the Gustav Line section of the Winter Line through the area. Despite its military value, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring elected not to occupy the ancient abbey and informed the Allies and Vatican of this fact. First Battle Reaching the Gustav Line near Cassino on January 15, 1944, the US Fifth Army immediately began preparations to assault the German positions. Though Clark felt the odds of success were low, an effort needed to be made to support the Anzio landings which would occur further north on January 22. By attacking, it was hoped that German forces could be drawn south to allow Major General John Lucas US VI Corps to land and quickly occupy the Alban Hills in the enemy rear. It was thought that such a maneuver would compel the Germans to abandon the Gustav Line. Hampering Allied efforts was the fact Clarks forces were tired and battered after fighting their way north from Naples. Moving forward on January 17, the British X Corps crossed the Garigliano River and attacked along the coast putting heavy pressure on the German 94th Infantry Division. Having some success, X Corps efforts forced Kesselring to send the 29th and 90th Panzer Grenadier Divisions south from Rome to stabilize the front. Lacking sufficient reserves, X Corps was unable to exploit their success. On January 20, Clark launched his main assault with the US II Corps south of Cassino and near San Angelo. Though elements of the 36th Infantry Division were able to cross the Rapido near San Angelo, they lacked armored support and remained isolated. Savagely counterattacked by German tanks and self-propelled guns, the men from the 36th Division were ultimately forced back. Four days later, an attempt was made north of Cassino by Major General Charles W. Ryders 34th Infantry Division with the goal of crossing the river and wheeling left to strike Monte Cassino. Crossing the flooded Rapido, the division moved into the hills behind the town and gained a foothold after eight days of heavy fighting. These efforts were supported by the French Expeditionary Corps to the north which captured Monte Belvedere and assaulted Monte Cifalco. Though the French were unable to take Monte Cifalco, the 34th Division, enduring incredibly harsh conditions, battled their way through the mountains towards the abbey. Among the issues faced by Allied forces were large areas of exposed ground and rocky terrain that precluded digging foxholes. Attacking for three days in early February, they were unable to secure the abbey or the neighboring high ground. Spent, II Corps was withdrawn on February 11. Second Battle With the removal of II Corps, Lieutenant General Bernard Freybergs New Zealand Corps moved forward. Pushed into planning a new assault to relieve pressure on the Anzio beachhead, Freyberg intended to continue the attack through mountains north of Cassino as well as advance up the railroad from the southeast. As planning moved forward, a debate began among the Allied high command regarding the abbey of Monte Cassino. It was believed that German observers and artillery spotters were using the abbey for protection. Though many, including Clark, believed the abbey to be vacant, increasing pressure ultimately led Alexander to controversially order the building to be bombed. Moving forward on February 15, a large force of B-17 Flying Fortresses, B-25 Mitchells, and B-26 Marauders struck the historic abbey. German records later showed that their forces were not present, through the 1st Parachute Division moved into the rubble after the bombing. On the nights of February 15 and 16, troops from the Royal Sussex Regiment attacked positions in the hills behind Cassino with little success.  These efforts were hampered by friendly fire incidents involving Allied artillery due to the challenges of aiming accurately in the hills. Mounting his main effort on February 17, Freyberg sent forward the 4th Indian Division against German positions in the hills. In brutal, close-in fighting, his men were turned back by the enemy. To the southeast, 28th (MÄ ori) Battalion succeeded in crossing the Rapido and captured the Cassino railroad station. Lacking armor support as the river could not be spanned, they were forced back by German tanks and infantry on February 18. Though the German line had held, the Allies had come close to a breakthrough which concerned the commander of the German Tenth Army, Colonel General Heinrich von Vietinghoff, who oversaw the Gustav Line. Third Battle Reorganizing, Allied leaders began planning a third attempt to penetrate the Gustav Line at Cassino. Rather than continue along previous avenues of advance, they devised a new plan which called for an assault on Cassino from the north as well as an attack south into the hill complex which would then turn east to assault the abbey. These efforts were to be preceded by intense, heavy bombing which would require three days of clear weather to execute.  As a result, the operation was postponed three weeks until the airstrikes could be executed. Moving forward on March 15, Freybergs men advanced behind a creeping bombardment. Though some gains were made, the Germans rallied quickly and dug in. In the mountains, Allied forces secured key points known Castle Hill and Hangmans Hill. Below, the New Zealanders had succeeded in taking the railroad station, though fighting in the town remained fierce and house-to-house. On March 19, Freyberg hoped to turn the tide with the introduction of the 20th Armoured Brigade. His assault plans were quickly spoiled when the Germans mounted heavy counterattacks on Castle Hill drawing in the Allied infantry. Lacking infantry support, the tanks were soon picked off one by one. The next day, Freyberg added the British 78th Infantry Division to the fray. Reduced to house to house fighting, despite the addition of more troops, Allied forces were unable to overcome the resolute German defense. On March 23, with his men exhausted, Freyberg halted the offensive. With this failure, Allied forces consolidated their lines and Alexander began devising a new plan for breaking the Gustav Line. Seeking to bring more men to bear, Alexander created Operation Diadem. This saw the transfer of the British Eighth Army across the mountains. Victory at Last Redeploying his forces, Alexander placed Clarks Fifth Army along the coast with II Corps and the French facing the Garigliano. Inland, Leeses XIII Corps and Lieutenant General Wladyslaw Anders 2nd Polish Corps opposed Cassino. For the fourth battle, Alexander desired II Corps to push up Route 7 towards Rome while the French attacked across the Garigliano and into the Aurunci Mountains on the west side of the Liri Valley. To the north, XIII Corps would attempt to force the Liri Valley, while the Poles circled behind Cassino and with orders to isolate the abbey ruins. Utilizing a variety of deceptions, the Allies were able to ensure that Kesselring was unaware of these troop movements. Commencing at 11:00 PM on May 11 with a bombardment using over 1,660 guns, Operation Diadem saw Alexander attack on all four fronts. While II Corps met heavy resistance and made little headway, the French advanced quickly and soon penetrated the Aurunci Mountains before daylight. To the north, XIII Corps made two crossings of the Rapido. Encountering a stiff German defense, they slowly pushed forward while erecting bridges in their rear. This allowed supporting armor to cross which played a key role in the fighting. In the mountains, Polish attacks were met with German counterattacks. By late on May 12, XIII Corps bridgeheads continued to grow despite determined counterattacks by Kesselring. The next day, II Corps began to gain some ground while the French turned to strike the German flank in the Liri Valley. With his right-wing wavering, Kesselring began pulling back to the Hitler Line, approximately eight miles to the rear.  On May 15, the British 78th Division passed through the bridgehead and began a turning movement to cut off the town from the Liri Valley. Two days later, the Poles renewed their efforts in the mountains. More successful, they linked up with the 78th Division early on May 18. Later that morning, Polish forces cleared the abbey ruins and hoisted Polish flag over the site. Aftermath Pressing up the Liri Valley, the British Eighth Army immediately attempted to break through the Hitler Line but was turned back. Pausing to reorganize, a major effort was made against the Hitler Line on May 23 in conjunction with a breakout from the Anzio beachhead. Both efforts were successful and soon the German Tenth Army was reeling and facing being surrounded. With VI Corps surging inland from Anzio, Clark shockingly ordered them to turn northwest for Rome rather than cut off and aid in the destruction of von Vietinghoff. This action may have been the result of Clarks concern that the British would enter the city first despite it being assigned to Fifth Army. Driving north, his troops occupied the city on June 4. Despite the success in Italy, the Normandy landings two days later transformed it into a secondary theater of the war. Selected Sources BBC: Battle of Monte CassinoHistory: Battle of Monte Cassino

Essay about Discourse Community - 1391 Words

Men May Have Invented Softball, but Women Perfected it In ENGL 1301, these past two weeks have given me a better understanding of ethos, logos and pathos appeals. Being in a discourse community has made me put these appeals into perspective. Understanding that being in that community made me a stronger woman. This will give me a chance to show you, my professor and classmates that softball is indeed a sport. I will prove why I attended this discourse community in softball at a young age to now by explaining the mental state of understanding the rules, the physical mechanisms, and the emotional connection it has on my authority, team and myself. Having good comprehension skills helps understanding the rules very easy. I was first†¦show more content†¦Although the rules are printed in black and white, learning the physical aspects of softball was very challenging. Being an athletic person allowed me to catch on quickly. Everyone else on the team had already experienced softball two or three years before me. First I learned to catch, which was probably the hardest thing for me. It seemed like the ball was moving a 100 miles per hour aiming straight towards my face even though it was coming 20-25 miles per hour. When catching the ball, the thrower has to aim straight for my chest; which is where I should want to target my glove. Learning to bat might seem challenging but it’s not. Hitting from a tee is effortless because there is more concentration on the ball. That’s probably the best way to be trained. Than a coach may soft toss it. Focusing more on the coach’s hand where the ball was , helped me focus on what I was looking for when a pitcher pitched against me. Soon after, the coach started the pitching machine. Nine times out of ten, when it’s a player first time hitting off a pitching machine, she is afraid to get hit by the ball. A lot of the batters jump out the way of the batter’s box. 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Whether it’s a long, point less conversation on the phone with a best friend or being part of a school croquet club, it’s part of a unique discourse community in some way. Every discourse has it’s own distinct qualities and almost all have a different way of communicating. These discourses are strong influences on all of our personalities. The way every human

Jack of All Trades Free Essays

â€Å"Mom can I have a dog? † I cannot tell you how many times those six words came out of my mouth, almost everyday since about second grade I asked my mom for a puppy. Once when I was in fifth grade, my mom let me take home one of my aunt’s dog’s puppies. But at the end of the day she made me take it back. We will write a custom essay sample on Jack of All Trades or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was so close to getting what I had wanted for years. I had named the dog and everything, and as you can tell it still upsets me to this day. You’re probably thinking, â€Å"Eh, every child wants a dog or some sort of pet, it’s really not that serious. Oh but it was, I became obsessed with the idea of a puppy, every time I saw someone else with a new puppy or even an older dog I became jealous to the point of tears. It’s not like I never had a dog, when I was born we had two, Buster, and Sheena. But they both died of old age by the time I was seven. We also had cats, and birds, and fish. But all of a sudden there was nothing left, it was me, my mom, and my dad, being an only child was always hard, but at least I had my animals to keep me company. Yeah, yeah, here it comes, being an only child isn’t hard, you’re spoiled, you get everything you want, and tons of attention. But have you ever thought of the hardships of being the only thing your parents have to focus on, or maybe the not having anyone to play with, you can only play dress up and school with yourself for so long before it gets extremely boring. Okay but I’m getting off topic, actually I’ve kind of been rambling on about nothing for the last couple of sentences, but I promise this will all have a point. My freshman year of high school, I began having a lot of issues with being alone, and not having anyone to talk to or keep me company. I began to struggle with my schoolwork, and everything began to spin out of control. I met James, he was amazing, but that’s a completely different story for a completely different time and space. Now the wanting of a dog had kind of went away for a little, but now in my time of loneliness, and need, I think my mom finally realized how much I truly not only wanted but needed a dog to keep me company, because that year around my birthday my mom began to talk of getting a dog, (it might have also been because Simone’s mom let her have a dog, and my mom felt bad because that’s all I could talk about, so thanks Sandy. So we talked about getting a dog, and decided on a female Jack Russell, oh my, we were not aware of what we were getting into. We were told numerous times that these dogs were crazy, but we just said it couldn’t be that bad, all puppies are hyper. We planned to keep her in a squared-off area in the basement, oh boy, were we mistaken. We ordered her from a farm in Missouri, the breeder seemed nice, and told us that she had a lot of energy, we got her at eight weeks, the breeder had named her Kayla, but we knew from the pictures that this name was just unbefitting. We decided on either naming her Sage or Zoi, and the second we picked her up from the airport we knew Zoi was the perfect name for her, she ran out of her crate right into my arms, while all the other puppies were hiding in the back corner of their crates, afraid of their new owners. It was raining but she wasn’t afraid, the entire walk to the car she wiggled and squirmed eager to see everyone and everything around her. That first night, Simone and I figured it’d be a good idea to sleep downstairs with her, just in case, but we were in for a rude awakening, quite literally, she whined and cried every minute she was alone. Simone and I ended up staying up the entire night with her; this squared off corner in the basement was just not enough for this tiny little dog. The next night we tried keeping her in her crate, then a bigger cage, needless to say neither worked and she now sleeps in bed with my mom and dad. This dog was a handful; she chewed on everything, dirty underwear being her favorite snack. Her energy never seemed to end. She jumped played and barked all day, she was a very happy dog. Yet it just seemed like she was lonely, she carried this tiny stuffed puppy with her everywhere, and carried chew toys over to her favorite stuffed tiger. She’d whine and cry when it wouldn’t play with them, maybe it was our imaginations, but it just seemed that the only way to tame her energy was to get her a companion. First we looked at the pound, but decided anything bigger might just hurt Zoi, so we ended up on the search for another Jack Russell, this time a male. We looked and looked, the first one we decided on ended up being sold already, so we finally decided on another dog, he was from Texas, and named KC. He came from a puppy mill, and when we got him he just didn’t seem right, we were worried. At the airport we expected him to run right out into our arms like Zoi, but that’s not quite what happened. He hid in the corner of his crate and cried, he seemed so afraid, we walked him to the car and I cuddled him in my arms, it was late, almost midnight, and I was worried how him and Zoi would react to each other. He didn’t seem like a social type dog. When we got him home and put him down, he wiggled and squirmed, him and Zoi sniffed each other and from that second they were inseparable, but Dash (which is what we named him, after a character in the Disney movie, The Incredibles,) just still wasn’t right, he had a swollen bee sting on his arm, and after taking him to the vets we discovered he had three different typed of worms in his belly. His nickname had been Wiggle-Butt, how appropriate. He was incredibly unhealthy, and we were thankful that we had saved him from that place he had called a home, no wonder he was so afraid. It was strange that these two dogs that were said to be the same exact breed were so completely different, but maybe that’s why they got along so well. After Dash was nursed back to health, he slowly began to come out of his shell. These dogs were a handful alone, but together, oh my. Zoi was clearly the boss, and she let it be known. There were times when she beat the living daylights out of him, but he still followed her around, and whined and cried when she was gone. Dash was quite the interesting dog, he’d growl and bark at other people and dogs, but then run and hide behind you if you put him down. The two would chase each other around in circles around the house and yard, it’s like they both had this endless amount of energy, I couldn’t imagine Zoi would have lasted long at any other household. She ate everything, beat up Dash, ran away, jumped all over people, and scratched like crazy. Once we got Dash and Zoi, it was like having newborn babies, we had baby gates in every doorway, so that they couldn’t get in and chew things, you couldn’t open the door without holding them back or you would be in for a jog. Every time they got out it was a good twenty-minute journey to get them back. They’d run up to everyone that was outside, bark at other dogs, run into everyone’s yard, and you’d have to jump and dive in order to catch them, it is not a fun thing to do. My favorite story would have to be the time my little cousin let Zoi out and my 40-year-old uncle chased her around in the January snow, eventually jumping, sliding, and diving only to miss her by an inch. These dogs were quite the handful. Nobody could come into the house without being jumped all over, and barked at. And you couldn’t leave if you didn’t give Zoi her treat first. Actually you still can’t. You think after two years she’d be a lot calmer, well she’s a little calmer. We tried obedience classes, yeah did not work to well, actually now she’ll sit, bark, and play dead on command†¦ but other than that†¦ yeah. A few months after we first got them, we went away on vacation. We left Dash and Zoi with a family friend who raised and watched dogs for a living. I remember him saying, â€Å"Oh, I’ll have her trained by the time you get back. † Yeah, not so much. Not even the man who watched ten dogs a day, could tame her. He’s raised tens of dogs from puppies, all his dogs listen to his every command, but not Zoi, she’d run around take stuff, even beat up the larger dogs. The second we got back home we went to pick up our puppies, and you could tell that Jay (the man that had watched them) had had quite the time watching those two. He couldn’t get rid of them quick enough. Zoi loves the water, but Dash is afraid of it. Zoi will jump right in the pool and swim around but Dash wouldn’t go near it for anything. Zoi jumps in and climbs right out. She chases the hose when my dad is watering the lawn, tries to eat the backwash water from the pool. Another thing that she loves to chase is the vacuum, Dash once again is afraid, but Zoi chases and barks like always. Sometimes, they’re too predictable. Another one of my favorites is when Zoi decides to take things for ransom. Her favorite I think is the remote control for the television. I can’t tell you how many times I’ve seen her running around with that remote in her mouth waiting for her treat. It’s not like she really wanted it, she’d drop it in front of you as soon as you reached for the bone box. And of course Dash reaps the benefits, so I think he encourages her to steal things. But after all of this, the second you sit down on the couch, or lay down in bed, they’re both right there, lying on your lap. Dash will nudge and nudge until you let him under the blanket. They love, love, love to cuddle. Which is good, because so do I. They keep you warm in the winter, which is good since Zoi chewed the wire to the heater on the blanket, and the couch, so neither work. Okay two crazy dogs†¦ the point of this is? I’m getting to it, I’m getting to it, promise. These dogs have actually kept me sane. I’d have the longest day ever, but I know I could come home and have two amazing dogs jumping on me and kissing me. No matter what I need, I can turn to my dogs, if I need to play, or just cuddle. Zoi is like the dog version of me she can be hyper, loud, loving, all at once. She’ll be angry one minute and kissing and loving you the next. She can’t stay mad, kind of like me. Having these two amazing dogs has kept me sane. I’m no longer alone and bored all the time. They may be a pain sometimes fighting to leave in the morning, eating underwear, stealing socks and remotes. But I know at the end of the day I have two creatures that love me unconditionally. How to cite Jack of All Trades, Papers

Impact of Tourism Industry on Economic Process

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Tourism Industry on Economic Process. Answer: Introduction Tourism industry is a major source of revenue of a country. The revenue realize helps in the social economic development of a country. Tourism industry triggers global economy as well as the economy of a country. Tourism industry is a major industry in Australia and tourists are attracted towards the variety of natural beauty in Australia (Lee and Brahmasrene, 2013). Tourists across the world travel to Australia to enjoy its diversity. It is seen that tourism industry represents 3.0% of the GDP of Australia and it is seen to contribute $47.5 billion Australian dollar in the financial year 2014 and 2015 (Chatziantoniouetetal,2013). During the period 2014-15, the Australian tourism industry employed 580,800 persons. In this assignment, various aspects of tourism industry would be analysed. The effect of the tourism industry on the economy of the country would also be analysed in this assignment. A picture about the impact of tourism industry on the economy of Australia will be drawn. T he uses of various statistical methods would be shown in this assignment. The previous studies regarding the impact of tourism industry on the economy of Australia would also be studied in this assignment (Anderson, 2012). Background information Tourism in Australia started in the pre-colonial period where people from other regions set out in quest for wealth and adventure. Some of the tourists settled in places far away from their places of origin while others opted to go back to their homes. The dispersed settlement of the Australian population exposed majority of the people to occasional long distance travelling to visit their kins and for memory refreshment as well as entrepreneur visits. Most of these visits were conducted through horsebacks or ships, which was tedious and took longer time. After the end of war I the 1920s and the ease of the great depression in 1930, there was a sudden increase of travelling that prompted the economy to provide more comfortable means of transport like the railway transport introduced by the Australian government and the establishment of the Australian National Travel Association. The tourism traffic continued to increase through rail and sea transport. With the biggest number of tourist using sea, transport through the Queensland, port. The end of second war in 1945 saw the increased lifestyle standards as well as other means of transport. The beginning of jet age and large airplanes that had the ability of carrying 100 passengers changed the Australian economy as tourism boomed due to international tourism that increased the normal expenditure in the tourism industry. The growth of this industry gave rise to the hospitality industry that aimed to make tourists feel at home and welcomed. In 1960s, there was an increased awareness on payed holidays by corporations operating in Australia thus boosting domestic tourism. By examining how tourism varies across different patterns of tourist visitation both international and domestic, this proposal will be built on current information that will help construct a more comprehensive framework for the study of the tourism industry and its impact on the Australian Economy. The development of the sector has been has been in previous years frustrated by conflicting definitions, l ack of a methodological framework, and scepticism to the advancement of tourism. Studying the impact of tourism to the economy will provide a transition of understanding the key roles of the sector in the economy as well as develop measure to counter the negative results arising from the advancement of this industry. In addition to examining the relationship between tourism and economy, the proposal broadens the study of hospitality and transport sector in the country as well as international. Much of the previous research on tourism has been done have focussed on the revenue side of tourism in Australia. Likewise, this proposal will include the revenue side as well as well as the shortcomings brought about in creating these revenues. While tourism impact on the economy in terms of monetary benefits has largely been written on in many previous studies, limited number, written materials are available on the negative side that is brought out by tourism. Social economical negative impa cts have in time not been focused on and the accumulated effects have only been realized in the recent studies. This proposal will be developed in a way to ensure that the overlooked impacts have been addressed to uncover the relevant details and provide an all-round proposal. The proposal will address the social effects of tourism and the erosion of culture of Australian natives, who are the reason of attracting the tourists in the first place. The evolution of the tourism industry in Australia has seen improvement in services as well as facilities such as resorts that target the tourist population. Moreover, the tourism industry has relentlessly continued to grow the Australian economy to the extent that new enterprises are cropping up. These enterprise aims at enhancing service delivery by helping tourists choose their destinations as well as make reservations of their stay such as Jovago.com. Problem statement The problem statement developed for the present assignment is to assess the impact that the tourism industry has on the economy of Australia. The aim of the research is to understand and interpret the impact of tourism industry in Australia on the economy of the country. The objectives of the present research are as follows: To find the structure of tourism industry for the last 20 years To understand the change in the tourism industry for the last 20 years To find the structure of the economy of the country for the last 20 years To understand the change in the economy of the country for the last 20 years To understand the impact of change in tourism industry on the economy of the country in the last 20 years Research questions The questions of the research are as follows: How is the structure of tourism industry for the last 20 years? How is the change in the tourism industry for the last 20 years? How is the structure of the economy of the country for the last 20 years? How is the change in the economy of the country for the last 20 years? How is the impact of change in tourism industry on the economy of the country in the last 20 years? Literature review This part will analyse previous literature works done on Australian tourism industry. The tourism industry in Australia contributes about $34billion every year. The industry also provides employment to about half a million of the Australian population. New South Wales, Queens land and Victoria account for 80% of the tourism industry output. According to the viewpoint of Tribe (2015), it is seen that tourism industry can be a solution to the direct marketing organization. It is seen that tourism industry had been growing rapidly with time. People want to spend more time exploring different places and learning new things. It is observed that the domestic tourism in Australia accounts for about three quarter of the total tourism visits due to its rich economy. Among this domestic visits, household account for eighty-five percent of spending while the remaining fifteen percent is the expenditure from business travels. It was seen that there were 7.4 million tourists that had arrived in A ustralia in the year 2015. Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne are some of the coastal cities that are preferred by the tourists. The tourists (Lee and Brahmasrene, 2013) also prefer high profile tourist destinations like the Gold Coast, Queensland and The Great Barrier Reef. Tourism industry is important in Australia as it employs 5% of the workforce in Australia. From domestic tourism to international tourism, Australia gathers her revenue from every methods of tourism. It was seen that total economic value of domestic tourism industry was found to measure $63.3 billion in the year 2009. As per the viewpoint of (Goodall and Ashworth, 2013), it was seen that Australia has various icons for tourists to visit. It is seen that Australia has varied climatic conditions that ranges from deserts to wilderness, mountains to coastal areas and cities to rural areas. Coastal regions have high profile destinations while there are Tasmanian wildernesses that lie at the southernmost tip of Australia. Australia has various major attractions across the country. From Great Barrier Reef to Sydney Opera House, there are various major tourists attractions across Australia. It was seen that there were 7.4 million tourists that had arrived in Australia in the year 2015 (Chatziantoniouet al. 2013). It is seen that Australian tourism industry provides various advertising campaign that features various Australian famous faces. These campaigns attract visitors from across the world and also encourages domestic tourists to visit different various places of Australia. According to the viewpoint of (Webster and Ivanovo, 2014), it was seen that the tourism industry provides a significant contribution in the overall level and economic condition of Australia. Tourism industry and economic condition, both are seen to increase with time. However, it is seen that there is a decrease in the holiday expenditure as a share of household consumption. It can be interpreted that there had been increase in the expenditures of the daily household consumptions, which had resulted in the decrease in the expenditure in tourism industry (Mowforth and Munt, 2015). The holiday patterns of Australia were found to be changing over the years. It was seen that there had been decrease in the holiday travel pattern for the natives of the Australians while there had been an increase in the overseas night pattern. As per the viewpoint of (Holden, 2016), it is seen that the distribution pattern of visitors across the states is uneven. New South Wales was seen to have most visitors in Australia than other states. Tasmania was found to have the least number of visitors in Australia across both domestic and international tourists. Australia has aboriginal, which is the native tribe in Australia. It is also seen that they have various cultures and rituals, which are not practiced in any other parts of Australia (Murphy, 2013). These rituals and cultures are attractive to various tourists as they can explore and understand the native cultures and rituals of Australia. Kangaroo and Koala bears are the native animals of Australia, which are not found in other parts of the world. Tourists across the globe want to see these native animals of Australia and they want to experience them at every cost (Anderson, 2012). It is seen that there had been a decrease in the growth of increase in the revenue from tourism industry. This had been due to the decrease in the number of tourists in Australia over the past. This had been a severe issue regarding the economy of the country as a major portion of the revenue of the company comes from the tourism industry. Part of the decreased growth on economy that is propelled by the tourism industry has been attributed to natural calamities that destroy tourist attraction sites within Australia. Thus, the impact of tourism in the revenue of the country is a bigger issue that should be analysed. In this assignment, an idea about this impact of tourism industry of Australia in the revenue of the country would be given (Tourism, 2017). However the tourisms industry has had its own share of problems and challenges in the Australian social and economy welfare, due to the heavy traffic that find tourism in Australia attractive. The traffic has contributed exhaustion of the existing infrastructure leading to poor sanitation that may contribute to the genesis of diseases to both the locals as well as the international tourists. Erosion of culture is another negative effect that might occur due to the adoption of foreign culture that comes along with the tourists (seagrant.umn/tourism, 2017). The belief that tourists are wealthy and have a lot of money might lead to engagement in criminal activities by the local people who will be robbing money from the tourists thus leading to loss of morals and religious values. Furthermore, the advancement of tourisms in Australia must always come at a cost to the environment thus leading to the damage of the flora and fauna, displacement of local people especially those at the beache s to give room for hotel developments. The bigger the population the more the natural resources that are needed to sustain the population (Research gate, 2017). The result is more footfalls, increased transportation, improper waste disposal, more noise, increase in pollution and disturbance of the ecological balance in the area. Moreover, the advancement of tourisms industry can lead to loss of traditional jobs such as farming to the local people where the farmers engage in tourism activities in place of farming. This can be detrimental to the national food basket of Australia. The continuous flow of cash around the tourist attraction regions may lead to increased cost of living due to upward push of goods prices leading to inflation that arises due to flow of large amount of cash in the surrounding economy hence the local people get disadvantaged(Tourism, 2017). The TSA frame in Australia came up with the direct and indirect definitions that overlapped the terminologies of input output modelling. The I-O modelling concept strives rp explain the flow-on effect generated by the tourism industry demand that includes, visitors spending plus the other industry that rely on tourism or suppliers in the sector according to how it is presented in the national TSA. However, the TSA direct concept will remain the same in other industries in the supply chain. The TSA report shows that the previous concept applied will remain the same to simplify the comparison on the flow-on effects. With the help of direct tourism, contribution only there will be an under-estimation of the total contribution on tourism to the economy. The correct tourism contribution will be achieved by applying the three Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) estimates values of tourism within the national accounting framework. A satellite account will allow the expansion of national account in various frequently toured areas while maintaining the structures of the core National Accounts methodology. The combination direct tourism and indirect tourism output will enable the calculation of flow-on effects using the I-O multipliers. The flow indirect effects are as a result of changes in supply brought about by the change in spending of the tourism industrys on goods and services from other industries. E.g., when a visitor purchases a meal from a hotel, the hotel goes ahead to purchases vegetables and meat from a food supplier, the food supplier will then purchases these from a farming company, which pays for labour and transport to deliver the produce to market. The estimation of the economic impact of such indirect effects, aimed at complementing the direct effects, will be reported in the findings of this paper, which will help provide a more comprehensive view of the economic contribution of tourism. Refer to Appendices A and B for detail on the criteria as well as p eriod used to facilitate the derivation of the indirect contribution of tourism on output and employment. The Australias economic share total contribution from tourism is simply the combination of direct contributions and indirect contributions with reference to TRA estimates. In this report, total contribution will be presented for the last 15 years period from 2001 to 2016. According to TRAs estimates the indirect Gross Value Added (GVA), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well as employment have significant added value to the economy, by providing a more comprehensive view of the role that tourism plays in the economy. Policy makers have made great steps in the effectiveness of gauging the value of tourism, and applied this to inform their decision-making. However, Australia and New Zealand are the only countries that have put in place a mechanism to produce a full set of indirect estimates for tourism GVA, GDP and employment. New Zealands (NZ) TSA (2012) report indicated that in the year ended March 2012: The tourism sector total contribution was 8.6 per cent to NZ GDP; NZ$6.2 billion ( or 3.3 per cent) directly and NZ$9.7 billion (or 5.2 per cent) indirectly. Tourism has managed to employ a full-time New Zealand population of 186,900 employees (or 9.6 per cent). However, international governing bodies are now recognising the importance of a TSA. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2010) reported that, about 60 countries are identified by early 2010 as having already produced or currently developing a TSA exercise?. Research Methodology The research process will involve both qualitative and quantitative research methodology to obtain at conclusive and reliable data. The reason for coming up with the two methodologies is to be able to collect reliable data through qualitative methodology and understand the social trends through quantitative analysis. Data collection Both primary and secondary data would be collected for the research. Secondary data would be collected from the documents of the government of Australia and primary data would be collected from surveying the tourists of Australia. Both international and domestic tourists would be considered for this purpose. Thirty tourists, which consist of both international and domestic tourists, would be surveyed using questionnaire method. Close-ended questions would be asked to the samples to collect the primary data. The questions would be in Likerts scale and the responses of the respondents would be considered for the research. These data would undergo various statistical calculations in order to fulfil the objectives of the research. The primary data and secondary data would undergo statistical methods like descriptive statistics, methods of central tendency, correlation, regression and methods of frequency distribution. These methods would analyse the data and help to fulfil the objectives. Various graphs, charts and tables would be provided in the research in order to support the analysis. Significance By examining how tourism varies across different patterns of tourist visitation both international and domestic, this proposal will be built on current information that will help construct a more comprehensive framework for the study of the tourism industry and its impact on the Australian Economy. The development of the sector has been has been in previous years frustrated by conflicting definitions, lack of a methodological framework, and scepticism to the advancement of tourism. Studying the impact of tourism to the economy will provide a transition of understanding the key roles of the sector in the economy as well as develop measure to counter the negative results arising from the advancement of this industry. In addition to examining the relationship between tourism and economy, the proposal broadens the study of hospitality and transport sector in the country as well as international. Much of the previous research on tourism has been done have focussed on the revenue side of t ourism in Australia. Likewise, this proposal wlll include the revenue side as well as well as the shortcomings brought about in creating these revenues. While tourism impact on the economy in terms of monetary benefits has largely been written on in many previous studies, limited number, written materials are available on the negative side that is brought out by tourism. Social economical negative impacts have in time not been focused on and the accumulated effects have only been realized in the recent studies. This proposal will be developed in a way to ensure that the overlooked impacts have been addressed to uncover the relevant details and provide an all-round proposal. Ethical consideration Various ethical issues would be considered in this research. The researcher would not force the respondents to answer the questionnaire and participate in the survey. There will be no names asked belonging to respondents. The researcher will aim at assessing the impact of tourism industry on the Australian economy by engaging respondents in the research. The researcher should not use any arms and threaten the respondents to provide the responses. The researcher should not tamper with the responses of the respondents and should collect the data as it comes. The researcher must seek the permission of the respondents prior to using the data. Expected outcomes It is expected that there has been a continuous increase in the daily expenses of tourists both domestic and international, which had resulted from various improvement in the tourism industry, services as well as the economic welfare of the Australian economy. The Australian tourism will generate large amounts of revenue that will in turn contribute to the overall growth of the economy. Employment rates will go high during certain seasons; as a result, the lifestyle of the surrounding community will be elevated to the level above poverty threshold. Other local industries are expected to record a growth brought about by the thriving tourism industry, such industries include fashion, food, hospitality as well as the construction industry (Anderson, 2012). The decrease in the expenditure in tourism is explained by the unexpected natural disasters that destroyed the attractiveness of touring places in Australia hence contributing to the decrease of the place popularity, tourists had lost interests in touring such places in Australia. Apart from the low expenses the tourism industry will lead to several negative impacts such as loss of traditional jobs by the local people who will shift the occupations to venture in to the tourism industry will seem lucrative. Hiked product prices will also be observed, as the surrounding economy will be flooded with cash from both domestic and international tourists. Criminal activities will also top the list of negative impacts promoted by tourism, as the local people will try to enrich themselves by robbing the tourists of their belongings and cash. Culture and traditional practices will be eroded because of adoption of foreign culture practised by the tourist. Moreover, environmental destruction will be prevalent, as developers will require space to setup hotels, hence destroying the flora and fauna. Finally, pollution will be inevitable due to the traffic brought about by the tourists at the tourist sites that do not have adequ ate infrastructure to handle large population of tourists (Research gate, 2017). References Anderson, B. (2012). Crisis management in the Australian tourism industry: Preparedness, personnel and postscript. Tourism Management, 27(6), pp.1290-1297. Chatziantoniou, I., Filis, G., Eeckels, B. and Apostolakis, A., 2013. 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